Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: FAP-targeted gastrodin nanoparticles in responsive hydrogel alleviate cardiac fibrosis via fibroblast metabolic reprogramming

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.052

Figure Lengend Snippet: Construction, characterization and biocompatibility evaluation of composite hydrogels. ( A ) Schematic diagram of the hydrogel synthesis process. ( B ) Digital photos of the hydrogels. ( C ) Fourier transform infrared spectra of CS, FPBA and CP. ( D ) Fourier transform infrared spectra of CA, DOPA, PEG400 and PCPD. ( E ) Changes in G′ and G″ of the hydrogel samples with strain increasing from 1% to 1000% at 37 °C. ( F ) Changes in G′ and G″ of the hydrogel samples with angular frequency. ( G ) Scanning electron microscope images of the hydrogel (scale bar: 500 μm). ( H ) Time-scanning analysis of the rheological properties of composite hydrogels under different physiological conditions. ( I ) Cumulative release curves of GAS from FAP-CAR-CM@PPA-G-Hydrogel in PBS and PBS containing 200 μM H 2 O 2 and pH 6.5 (n = 5). ( J ) In vitro mass loss profiles of composite hydrogels incubated in PBS and PBS containing 200 μM H 2 O 2 and pH 6.5 (n = 4). ( K ) Live/dead staining of HL-1 cells and HUVEC cells cultured in the hydrogel extract on the 3rd day. Green: live cells; red: dead cells. Scale bar: 100 μm. The CCK-8 assay was used to detect the cell viability of HL-1 ( L ) and HUVECs ( M ) respectively. ( N ) Fluorescence images of total reactive oxygen species (DCFH-DA, green) in HL-1 cells cultured in the hydrogel extract. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( O ) Flow cytometric results of AnnexinV-FITC/PI double-staining assay of HL-1 cells, necrotic cells: upper left; apoptotic cells; upper right and lower right); live cells (lower left), and quantitative statistical analysis was performed. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significance levels: ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns = not significant ( p ≥ 0.05).

Article Snippet: Citric acid was obtained from Tianjin Fengchuan Chemical Reagent Technology Co., Ltd. Chitosan, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), 3-aminophenylboronic acid, gastrodin, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC, >98%), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, AR) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. 4-Carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid and dopamine hydrochloride were obtained from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. Polycaprolactone was supplied by Beijing Puxitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Microscopy, In Vitro, Incubation, Staining, Cell Culture, CCK-8 Assay, Fluorescence, Double Staining, Standard Deviation